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To understand reverse osmosis, one must first understand the concept of "infiltration".
Penetration is a physical phenomenon. When two types of water contain different salts, such as using a semi permeable sheetWhen the sexual membrane is separated, it is found that the water on the side with less salt content will permeate through the membrane into the water with higher salt content, while the salt content does not permeate. In this way, the salt concentrations on both sides gradually merge until they are equal, and this process is called permeation. However, it takes a long time to complete this process. But if a pressure is applied on the water side with high salt content, the result can also stop the above-mentioned permeation, and this pressure is called osmotic pressure. If the pressure is further increased, it can cause the direction to permeate in the opposite direction, leaving salt remaining. Therefore, the principle of reverse osmosis desalination is to apply a pressure greater than the natural osmotic pressure in water with salt content (such as raw water), causing the permeation to proceed in the opposite direction, and pushing the water molecules in the raw water to the other side of the membrane to become clean water, thereby achieving the goal of removing impurities and salt from the water.
Reverse osmosis, also known as reverse osmosis, is a membrane separation operation that uses pressure difference as a driving force to separate solvents from a solution. Apply pressure to the liquid on one side of the membrane, and when the pressure exceeds its osmotic pressure, the solvent will undergo reverse osmosis in the direction of natural osmosis. The solvent that permeates through the low-pressure side of the membrane, namely the permeate; The concentrated solution on the high-pressure side, also known as the concentrated solution. If reverse osmosis is used to treat seawater, fresh water on the low-pressure side of the membrane and brine on the high-pressure side.
In reverse osmosis, the permeation rate of the solvent, also known as the flow energy N, is N=Kh (Δ p - Δ π) (where Kh is the hydraulic permeability coefficient, which slightly increases with temperature; Δ p is the static pressure difference on both sides of the membrane); Δ π is the osmotic pressure difference of the solution on both sides of the membrane. The osmotic pressure π of a dilute solution is π=iCRT (where i is the number of ions generated by ionization of solute molecules, C is the molar concentration of solute); R is the molar gas constant; T is the absolute temperature
Penetration is a physical phenomenon. When two types of water contain different salts, such as using a semi permeable sheetWhen the sexual membrane is separated, it is found that the water on the side with less salt content will permeate through the membrane into the water with higher salt content, while the salt content does not permeate. In this way, the salt concentrations on both sides gradually merge until they are equal, and this process is called permeation. However, it takes a long time to complete this process. But if a pressure is applied on the water side with high salt content, the result can also stop the above-mentioned permeation, and this pressure is called osmotic pressure. If the pressure is further increased, it can cause the direction to permeate in the opposite direction, leaving salt remaining. Therefore, the principle of reverse osmosis desalination is to apply a pressure greater than the natural osmotic pressure in water with salt content (such as raw water), causing the permeation to proceed in the opposite direction, and pushing the water molecules in the raw water to the other side of the membrane to become clean water, thereby achieving the goal of removing impurities and salt from the water.
Reverse osmosis, also known as reverse osmosis, is a membrane separation operation that uses pressure difference as a driving force to separate solvents from a solution. Apply pressure to the liquid on one side of the membrane, and when the pressure exceeds its osmotic pressure, the solvent will undergo reverse osmosis in the direction of natural osmosis. The solvent that permeates through the low-pressure side of the membrane, namely the permeate; The concentrated solution on the high-pressure side, also known as the concentrated solution. If reverse osmosis is used to treat seawater, fresh water on the low-pressure side of the membrane and brine on the high-pressure side.
In reverse osmosis, the permeation rate of the solvent, also known as the flow energy N, is N=Kh (Δ p - Δ π) (where Kh is the hydraulic permeability coefficient, which slightly increases with temperature; Δ p is the static pressure difference on both sides of the membrane); Δ π is the osmotic pressure difference of the solution on both sides of the membrane. The osmotic pressure π of a dilute solution is π=iCRT (where i is the number of ions generated by ionization of solute molecules, C is the molar concentration of solute); R is the molar gas constant; T is the absolute temperature
Reverse osmosis usually uses asymmetric membranes and composite membranes, and the equipment used is mainly hollow fiber or roll type membrane separation equipment. Reverse osmosis membranes can intercept various inorganic ions, colloidal substances, and large molecular solutes in water, thereby obtaining purified water. It can also be used for pre concentration of macromolecular organic solutions. Due to its simple process and low energy consumption, reverse osmosis has developed rapidly in the past 20 years. It has been widely used in desalination of seawater and brackish water (see brine), softening of boiler water, and wastewater treatment, and combined with ion exchange to produce high-purity water. Currently, its application scope is expanding and it has begun to be used in the concentration of dairy products, fruit juice, as well as the separation and concentration of biochemical and biological agents.
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